Sun damage will vary as the strength of the sunlight and other variables that vary from user to user, including the camera in particular. You would have to standardise conditions otherwise a community project would give random data and you would need a very large number of users to provide data to fit to an equation. So, the best way to satisfy your curiosity would be to do a time course on your R7 under controlled conditions. Then do it on an R5ii or R1 to see the effects of stacking and FSI vs BSI for example.
You are absolutely right, I fully agree that there are many, many variables to consider. However, I think that for the purpose of finding some rough guide rails for those reading this thread in the future, the amount of variables should be kept as simple as possible. Think about how many beginner photographers struggle with just the three variables of the exposure triangle, so if this is to become a "rule of thumb", it must be as simple as possible, to not mentally overload photographers (imagine them pulling out their phone calculators to check for how long they can point their camera at the sun).
You mentioned different cameras, and while I can agree that different sensors may have different temperature limits, however based on some physical similarities (similar quantum efficiency) and roughly comparable features such as sensor thickness and materials, I would assume that this at most introduces a difference of a factor of 2. Unfortunately, I do not have the type of money to do a controlled "experiment" (aka destroying sensors) with my R7, and an R5 Mark II or R1 etc. to compare the effects of non-stacking to stacking and FSI vs. BSI

. If a large number of people responded here, we would be able to see such trends emerging, and could draw some conclusions, although as mentioned, I expect the effect to be limited to maybe a factor of 2. But I think that trying to incorporate too many factors may also be the reason why such a rule of thumb has not been created yet, because it would simply require too large of a sample size to be conclusive and quantitatively evaluate the contribution and scaling relation of each variable. Moreover, many people may also feel uneasy sharing the exact time and date of the picture, as well as the location (in order to calculate the exact solar irradiance and obtain ground-level light intensity based on historical weather data etc.). So instead, I intend to keep it simple and focus on the main ones - as mentioned, f-number and exposure time.
However, after some consideration, within the initial post, I did add "time of day and weather conditions" to the list of values to be commented by those of you who would like to contribute to this little project, since this can in fact play a large role, and I can then roughly correct for that when compiling the data into the formula once some experience reports of you all came in.
I'd like to re-emphasize, this by no means is meant to be exact science. I expect uncertainties at the order of 2-5x, or even larger. However, it would already be helpful to know, if I have a certain aperture value, can I point my camera at the midday sun for only less than 1-2 seconds, or 10-20 seconds, or 100-200 seconds? This is the type of accuracy (at the level of order of magnitude) I am hoping to achieve with this data collection and the rule of thumb that I am hoping to turn it into.
Did you personally ever have any experiences with taking pictures with the sun visible in the frame without ND filters, with or without damaging your sensor?
Could you share photos of the patches of white?
Sure! I attached the image. Taken with the lens cover mounted (i.e., complete darkness) and at ISO 100 (30 second long exposure). Does that image help decide whether it is sun damage or caused by something else?
And while I'm at it, I gotta ask... have
you by chance taken any photos in the past that contain the sun in the frame and could contribute any values (exposure, f-number, weather & time of day)?
